Daphne du Maurier, Don't look Now Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Daphne du Maurier, Don't look Now - Essay Example Dont look now† is the mystical and wistful story of a British couple named, John and Laura, who are on a vacation in Venice. They are on holiday in order to escape, from the pain and heartbreak of their young daughter Christine’s recent death. They are also on a rebound, striving to bring back the fun, laughter and romance in their marriage, which seems to have diminished after the tragedy. However, quite contradictory to their expectations, Venice soon becomes a hazardous place for them too, as a series of paranormal events unfold, when they meet two old Scottish sisters at a cafà ©. There comes a twist in the plot, when the blind sister claims that she can see the ghost of their deceased daughter uniting with them. All their claims make Laura extremely happy and rekindle a flame of hope in her dull and dim, sad life, and she is suddenly drawn towards the two sisters. An interesting aspect of Du Maurier’s literature was that quite unusually, she wrote from the perspective of the male protagonist, and exceptionally good at that. This story is also told from the rationalist, sensitive and edgy point of view of John, the male lead. John begins the story by describing the trauma and distress her wife is going through, after the shocking tragedy, as it is driving her to the point of hysteria, John is feeling anxious and helpless, at her ordeal and finds very hard to see the unsettling state of mind of his beloved wife. After the two sisters claimed to have seen Christine’s ghost, Laura becomes very ecstatic and that upsets John even more. The two sisters, kept referring to having the â€Å"gift† of second sight, which John instantly dismisses, as he does not believe in ghosts, instead he feels very uncomfortable by seeing Laura’s immediate interest in those women. Laura’s sudden happiness seems like a betrayal to Joh n, who is still a grieving parent and Laura’s

Household Behavior and Consumer Choice Essay Example for Free

Household Behavior and Consumer Choice Essay Issues of household behavior and consumer choices, lie in the field of microeconomics. Microeconomics, sometimes called the price theory is a branch of economics that concerns itself with the study of how households, individuals, and firms make their own private decisions on how to allocate scarce resources. In this research paper, I will seek to apply economic theories and mostly the consumer theory to analyze these decisions and their effects on consumption, interests and wages. ANALYSIS: DEFINITIONS: HOUSEHOLD BEHAVIOR: Household behavior is principally viewed and analyzed as the theory of consumer demand of various commodities or generally household consumption. In addition to this household behavior also concerns itself with production of commodities or services and the supply of labor by households. Consumer demand on the other hand concerns itself with how demand functions for various commodities are derived. This derivation is done considering the rational choice model based on utility maximization. In this analysis, economic constraints like budgets, income and commodity prices are considered for specific households. The consumer theory studies the issue of household likes and preferences applying indifference curves as well as budget constraints and relates these preferences to consumes demand curves. There are many economic variables that are used in the analysis of these preferences. Among the major variables, include the price per unit of a certain good and the money incomes of the specific consumers. A change in the price of a good usually has two major effects. Firstly, there is the substitution effect and secondly there is the income effect. The substitution effect usually arises from the relative change in prices of consumer goods. On the other hand, the income effect arises from changes in the purchasing power of the available money wage or income. The diagram below depicts the relationship between consumer demand and prices through indifference curves given budget constraints. When the price of good Y increases, the budget line will shift from BC2 to BC1. This is because when the price of good y increases households will buy less of the good but they will still buy the same quantity of good X as long as they wish. In order to maximize his or her utility the consumer will have to move from indifference curve I2 to I1. By doing this the consumer will be able to enjoy his/her preferences as normal. Incase the price of commodity Y decreases the budget line or the budget constraint will move from BC1 to BC2. This is because the consumer will now be able to purchase more of commodity y while at the same time enjoying the same amount of good X. in the same case, the consumer in order to maximize his/her utility will move from indifference curve I1 to I2. The same scenario will be applicable for price changes of good X. The income effect: The income effect is depicted in the diagram below. An increase or decrease of the consumer’s disposable income will cause a parallel shift of the consumer’s budget constraint. An increase in the disposable income will cause the budget constraint to shift to the right while a decrease in the income will cause the budget constraint to shift to the left. This applies for normal goods since the indifference curves will react differently for inferior goods and Giffen goods (goods with a snob appeal). For inferior goods as the income increases, less of the commodity will be consumed. This is because the increased income will cause the consumers to seek higher or better goods. For Giffen goods as the income, increases the amount of goods purchased may either increase or remain the same. Generally, the effects can be summed up to the substitution effect and the income effect. The substitution effect usually is a price change that affects the slope of the budget line (constraint), but leaves the consumer on the same equilibrium indifference curve. In cases where the good in question is a normal good then the price effect will outweigh the substitution effect, but in cases where the good is an inferior good then the substitution effect will outweigh the price effect. Leisure-labor tradeoff: The time that any consumer has to allocate for different purposes is called time endowment. The price of leisure is analyzed using the consumer theory, with some slight adjustments. In this case, leisure is assumed to be a good and consumption is considered to be another good. Since consumers have scarce and finite time then they will have to choose between leisure, which earns no money, and consumption of labor that earns an income. Regardless of this trade off the change in the unit price of leisure will have a huge effect on the working time since a reduction or an increase in the price of labor will lead to less work and more work respectively. Wage and interest rates: Wages can be analyzed both as a cause and as effect of consumer behavior. They are a cause in the sense that as wages increase so does the consumption of households increase. On the other hand, wages can be viewed as an effect of consumption behavior since they are indirectly determined by the consumer price index. Both real and nominal interest rates are affected by consumer behaviors. Depending on the liquidity within the economy, the consumption behavior of households can cause an increase or decrease in the level of interest rates. Conclusion: Many variables that are dealt with in microeconomics usually have an indirect effect in the field of macroeconomics. The determination of the national income do consider the value that households contribute either in the form of consumption or services that they render. In addition to this, the level of inflation is also slightly affected by the consumption and expenditure behaviors of the households. Consumer theory plays a very important role in explaining household behaviors. However, the field of macroeconomics also needs to be keenly looked at since it deals with economic aggregates. References: Mankiw, N. G. (2004), Principles of economics (3rd Ed. ), Chicago, ILLIOIS: Thomson South-Western McWilliams Gary. Analyzing Customers the wall street journal,Monday, November 8, 2004. Available at:http://online. wsj. com/article/SB109986994931767086. html Philip Hardwick (1982), an Introduction to Modern Economics, Longman, U. K

Time, Talent and Tangible Resources :: essays research papers

Time, Talent and Tangible Resources It is difficult to believe that it is already time to write my fourth and final column as president of NCSEA for the Child Support Quarterly. Although this is my last major writing assignment, many opportunities to be of service to the child support community remain available between now and August 2, 2000, and I assure you that I will avail myself of as many of them as are humanly possible. I decided to close out my series of these columns by sharing with the broader NCSEA family my personal view of what our beloved child support program should look like in the future. I have long held that the child support program needs to look much more like the backroom of MasterCard, Visa or American Express rather than a cash assistance program. There is little question that the child support program was the cash assistance program designed to provide comprehensive reinforcements to families in need. Child support, as well as the other programs in our income assistance system, has a unique contribution to make to family well-being. The question is: how can child support best make that contribution. Whatever else may be added to or subtracted from it, I believe, child support’s core functions will always include establishing paternities, locating noncustodial parents obligated to pay child support, establishing support orders, enforcing those orders, collecting and distributing child support payments. I would suggest the customer service centers for this country’s credit card industry hold some valuable and transferable approaches that can be used to improve not only the delivery of child support services, but also the public perception of the child support community. Just think about it. When you call your credit card company about a recent purchase or their failure to properly credit a recent payment, you don’t even know, let alone have a long-standing relationship with, the customer service representative. They do not have to â€Å"case manage† you in order to provide you with value added service. You simply make the call, state your problem and get the information you need. The customer service representative has the appropriate charge investigated (with the understanding that the charge will be removed from your account in the interim), sends you a letter verifying the nature of this interaction and you move on a happy camper - at least for the moment. That is the level of service that the American public has come to expect in their daily business transactions, and that is the level service that the public anticipates from the child support program.

Islamization of the Philippines Essay

Contrary to the methods of Spanish conquistadors who handled colonization at swordpoint, the introduction of Islam to pre-colonial Philippines and to the rest of Southeast Asia was generally achieved with minimal bloodshed. By marrying into the rich and ruling class, Muslim traders, teachers and missionaries facilitated the spread of Islam as they travelled to Java, Sumatra, Jahore, Malacca, Borneo and other nearby islands to conduct their mission. By the 13th century, most of the lands of Southeast Asia were Islamized, and pretty soon the southern part of the Philippines followed this trend during the 14th century. But of course, this phenomenon could have not been possible without notable Muslim people who spearheaded the spread of Islam. Based on the tarsila or the genealogies, the first one who introduced Islam in the country was Tuan Mashaika, the supposed son of Jamiyun Kalisa and his wife, Indira Suga, who were both sent to Sulu by Alexander the Great (Mongcal). Tuan Masaika married the daughter of Raja Sipad of Patikol in Buansa, present-day Jolo (Scribd.com). He was followed by Karim-ul Makhdum, or simply Mukdum, a noted Arabian scholar who introduced Islam in Malacca in the middle of 14th century and continued his travel to the east. He then reached Simunol, Sulu after passing through Sambuwangan (Zamboanga) and Basilan in 1380 (Mongcal). He built the first mosque in Sulu, and he continued to preach Islam until the time of his death. Around 1390, Raja Baginda, a minor prince from Menangkabaw, Sumatra arrived with soldiers and conquered Sulu. Afterwards, in 1450, they were followed by a Jahore[->0]-born Arab explorer[->1] and religious scholar[->2] named Sayyid Abu Bakr Abirin, or simply Abu Bakr (Sultanate of Sulu- Wikipedia). Upon coming to Sulu, Abu Bakr married Paramisuli, the local dayang-dayang or princess, and daughter of his predecessor, Raja Baginda. Then, he founded the first-ever sultanate of Sulu with him as the sultan, and thus he assumed the title Paduka Mahasari Maulana al Sultan Sharif ul-HÄ shim. But it was Shariff Muhammad Kabungsuwan Ibrahim, son of a royal-blooded Arab from Hadramaut (Scribd.com), who stretched the borders of Islamization beyond Sulu, and into the entirety of Mindanao. In 1475 he and his soldiers invaded the natives of present-day Cotabato and married the princess Putri Tonina. He then founded the sultanate of Mindanao with him as the head. It wasn’t just the natives in Mindanao who had been affected by the spread of Islam. Malay traders from Borneo facilitated the spread of Islam to some of the provinces of Luzon, namely Batangas, Mindoro and Pampanga. By the time the Spaniards arrived during the 16th century, they were surprised to discover that natives from certain parts of Luzon, including pre-colonial Manila and Tondo, practiced Islam. It is common knowledge, however, that technically and generally, the Spaniards had been more successful in propagating their religion all throughout the Philippines, thus confining and paralyzing the spread and influence of Islam. Today, the Philippines is one of the most predominant Roman Catholic nations in the world, second to East Timor in Southeast Asia. Only about 5% of today’s Philippine population practices Islam. The Roots of Education in the Philippines It is common for Filipinos to place a high regard on education not only as a predestined obligation to their children, but also as an important means to a higher social and economical status. According to the National Statistics Office or NSO, as of May 2012, 58 million out of the estimated 67 million Filipinos aged 10 to 64 years old are functionally literate, meaning they can read, write, compute, and comprehend (Mercene). Most Filipinos who are functionally literate are those whose who have at least finished high school. In pre-colonial Philippines, however, education in hunting-gathering communities or Primitive Communal societies was â€Å"informal, unstructured, and devoid of methods† (DepEd). It is less focused on academics characterized by the 3Rs which are reading, writing and arithmetic, and more compliant to vocational activities. The learners were taught by their parents or in the houses of tribal educators such as the babaylan or the katalonan, who are believed to possess wisdom and knowledge on spirituality with respect to their beliefs and traditions (Sribd). An ancient Southeast Asian writing system, called the Baybayin, was used as a teaching medium. Baybayin, from the Tagalog term baybay which means â€Å"to spell† is a member of the Brahmic family[->3] and is recorded as being in use in the 16th century, up until the late 19th century (Baybayin – Wikipedia). It is not to be confused with Alibata, which is Arabic in origin. Ancient writing tools consist of leaves, palm fronds, tree bark, fruit rinds, daggers as panulat and materials made from bamboo. Upon the arrival of the Spaniards, these native communities are already practically and technically literate using the Baybayin. There had been several major changes to the type of education in the Philippines during the Spanish period, as their teachings were centralized on the ideology of Catholicism. The tribal tutors were replaced with Spanish missionaries, and the responsibility for providing primary education to indigenous populations was left to religious orders, headed by parish friars. The concepts of church and school were merged. This elitist, religious-oriented and exceedingly patriarchal type of education continued until it was partially liberalized through the enactment of the Educational Decree of 1863 which provided for the establishment of at least one primary school for boys and girls in each town under the responsibility of the municipal government (DepEd). The first book printed in the Philippines, a version of Doctrina Christiana or Christian Doctrine in the Chinese language, was printed in 1590, to be followed by versions in Tagalog and Spanish in 1593. There were four major groups of Spanish missionaries who established Christian schools in the Philippines, most of these institutions still teaching at present. The Augustinians established a school in Cebu in 1565, and then the Franciscans took charge of educating the natives in 1577. The Jesuits followed in 1581, with the youth as their focus. They also founded the Unibersidad de San Ignacio, which was later incorporated into the University of Santo Tomas, and also the Colegio de San Josà © in 1601 that took over the management in what became Escuela Municipal, now Ateneo de Manila University (Education in the Philippines- Wikipedia). The last group of missionaries were the Dominicans, who established a school on their first mission in Bataan in 1587, and later founded Colegio de San Juan de Letran in 1620. In general, however, education during the Spanish period was â€Å"inadequate, suppressed, and controlled† (DepEd). A free and adequate secularized public school system only came with the first decade of the American rule, with respect to recommendations of the Schurman Commission, or the First Philippine Commission – a five-person group headed by Dr. Jacob Schurman[->4], president of Cornell University[->5], to investigate conditions in the islands and make recommendations (Schurman Commission – Wikipedia). The Taft Commission or the Second Philippine Commission established by President William Mckinley came later in 1900. This commission, headed by William Howard Taft[->6], was granted legislative as well as limited executive powers (Taft Commission – Wikipedia), and thus it focused on training the people for the duties of citizenship and avocation. The spread of public schools throughout the Philippines came afterwards in 1901, when the Thomasites, the five hundred pioneer teachers sent by the U.S. government to the Philippines due to shortage of teachers, arrived and estab lished barangay schools. Works Cited List Mongcal, MAJ SAMUEL T . â€Å"Sulu: Our Ancestral Domain.† The Philippine Marine Corps’ Official Web Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Sultanate of Sulu – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.† Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"The Spread of Islam in the Philippines.† Scribd. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. . REPORT IN HUM 10 Javier, Jess G. Hum10 – B1 [->0] – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johore [->1] – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_people [->2] – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_scholar [->3] – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmic_family [->4] – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Gould_Schurman [->5] – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University [->6] – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft

Direct iron ore smelting process development

IntroductionThe smelting decrease ( SR ) of Fe ore is an alternate natural stuffs treating method similar to the blast furnace. It begins with solid natural stuffs such as coal and Fe ore. The concluding merchandise of this procedure is a liquid Fe based stuff known as hot metal, or hog Fe when it is solidified. This terminal merchandise is the same as that generated by blast furnaces. Typical hot metal composings are about 4-4.5 % C, .3-1.5 % Si, .25-2.2 % manganese, .03-.08 % S, and.04-.2 % phosphoric. SR is the new age alternate to pig Fe production with the capableness of uninterrupted operation. The engineerings used in this procedure are similar to those used in both modern blast furnaces and conventional non-ferrous smelting operations. As developments in blast furnaces and non-ferrous smelters were made, such as the innovation of the Cu flash smelting engineering, developments were made in SR of Fe.Smelting Reduction Chemical reactionsThe natural stuffs used in SR are: pulver ized Fe ore which consist of Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 with remainders, powdered coal, limestone ( CaCO3 ) , and dolomitic limestone ( CaMg ( CO3 ) 2 ) . The transition of Fe ore into a liquid hot metal begins with the combustion of coal into C monoxide ( CO ) and H gas ( H2 ) which are the cardinal compounds for Fe decrease, equation 1. The C monoxide and H gas produced from the burning is used to get down the decrease of Fe ore by equation 2. The chemical reaction for regenerating the CO and H2 with coal from equation 2 merchandises is given by equation 3. Full decrease of the Fe ore is so shown by equations 4 and 5. Coal + ?O2 > CO + H2 ( 1 ) 6Fe2O3 + CO +H2 > 4Fe3O4 + H2O + CO2 ( 2 ) 2C + CO2 + H2O > 3CO +H2 ( 3 ) 2 Fe3O4 + CO + H2 > 6FeO + H2O + CO2 ( 4 ) 2FeO + CO + H2 > Fe + H2O + CO2 ( 5 ) These reactions begin in the solid province ; nevertheless, as decrease series begins the reactions become liquid province. The limestone and dolomitic limestone are added as fluxes/slag agents. The adaptability of many of these procedures to utilize a assortment of coal chemical sciences without the coking measure is the most alone belongings of SR fuel over blast furnace fuel. This usage of coal alternatively of coke eliminates the demand for a coking furnace every bit good as the usage of lower class coal.Smelting Decrease FirstsArchaeological finds in Africa show a crude smelting decrease signifier dating back every bit early as 2500BC. These ancient craftsmen would cut down Fe ore utilizing coke by blowing air into a shaft furnace. Martin Wiberg of Sweden every bit good as W. and E. Engell of Denmark began look intoing the smelting decrease procedure in 1938. However, much of the impulse in smelting decrease was lost between the 1950 ‘s and 70 ‘s due to progresss in the solid province decrease procedure known as DRI ( direct reduced Fe ) and in blast furnace engineering. It is of import to observe that without the air separation engineering conceived during the Second World War SR would non be executable. By 1981 the first SR pilot works was constructed in Germany based off the COREX design construct. In 1988 the first all-out SR installation was constructed based off the same pilot works at the site of a old blast furnace.Smelting Reduction Reactor TypesThree chief SR convertor types exist: the shaft convertor procedure, a two phase chemical procedure, and the intercrossed procedure. Both the shaft convertor procedure and the two phase procedure usage chemical energy for the decrease. However, the two phase procedure differs from the shaft procedure by implementing two transition Chamberss, a solid province chamber followed by a liquid province chamber. The intercrossed procedure is the most alone because it gets energy parts from chemical rea ctions and electrical current. Of these three types merely two procedures have been put into operation in all-out installations, the COREX procedure and the HIsmelt procedure. The COREX procedure was the first all-out SR installation as antecedently mentioned. This procedure is a two phase procedure. The first phase in decrease is the solid province reaction and natural stuffs preheating subdivision. Off gas from the 2nd phase is used to cut down and preheat in the first phase. As the ore transforms into a liquid it moves to the 2nd convertor phase where the liquid province decrease is completed. The COREX procedure has three theoretical accounts, the C-1000, 2000, and 3000. Primary differences between the theoretical accounts are the production capablenesss. The C-1000 installed in 1988 has a day-to-day production capableness of 1000 dozenss of hot metal. The C-2000 will bring forth 2000 tons/day ; it presently has 4 operating workss with the first installed in S. Korea, 1995. [ 2 ] The C-3000 is the newest installation with one works located in China. The SR furnace was installed in 2007 and has a day-to-day production capableness of 4000 dozenss of hot metal [ 7 ] . Figure 2 is an image of the C-3000 works. The HIsmelt was the 2nd SR procedure to go full production. Pilot proving of this procedure began in 1982. The procedure is a uninterrupted shaft transition furnace. [ 2 ] HIsmelt implements many engineerings presently used in non-ferrous smelting like uninterrupted stuffs feed by spears into the liquefied bath and H2O cooled furnace panels. [ 5 ] The full graduated table works which was built in 2003 was a 400 million dollar undertaking between RioTinto, Nucor, Mitsubishi, and Shougang coprorations. The works is located in Western Australia. [ 9 ] This procedure can utilize the off gas for multiple applications such as fuel for electrical power coevals or preheating the provender stuff. A elaborate position of the reactor vas. Additional SR procedure which are non presently commercialized include: direct Fe ore smelting ( DIOS, two phase reactor ) , AISI ( two phase reactor ) , and IDI ( intercrossed SR ) . Although SR procedures do non implement coke furnaces the coal demands remain similar holding small consequence on environmental emanations.DecisionSR is an progressing engineering capable of continuously bring forthing hot metal similar to a blast furnace with a wider scope of coal type. This natural stuffs flexibleness is a great advantage to SR. The riddance of the coking furnace lessenings project capital ; although, it has small impact on environmental emanations. SR has many great properties which makes it a competitory option to blare furnaces.Mentions[ 1 ] LIFE. ( n.d. ) . Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao Visits Australia. Retrieved December 06, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.life.com/image/57232194 [ 2 ] Chatterjee, A. ( 1994 ) . Beyond the Blast Furnace. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [ 3 ] Miller, T. W. , Jimenez, J. , Sharan, A. , & A ; Goldstein, D. A. ( 1998 ) . Steelmaking and Refining, Oxygen Steelmaking Processes. In R. J. Fruehan, & A ; 11 ( Ed. ) , The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel ( pp. 489-490 ) . Pittsburgh: The AISI Steel Foundation. [ 4 ] Davis, M. P. , Dry, R. J. , & A ; Schwarz, M. P. ( 2003 ) . Flow Simulation of the HISMELT Process. Third International Conferance on CFD in the Minerals and Process Industries ( pp. 305-311 ) . Melbourn, Australia: CSIRO. [ 5 ] HIsmelt. ( n.d. ) . HIsmelt- The Technology. Retrieved December 06, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hismelt.com/EN/HT_PageView.aspx? pageID=8 # [ 6 ] Shalimov, A. G. ( 200 ) . The COREX Process for Making High-Quality Steels at Mini-Mills. Metallurgist, 44, 35-39. [ 7 ] Environment Engineering Solution. ( n.d. ) . Environment-friendly Corex procedure of Fe and steel devising. Retrieved December 06, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //environmentengineering.blogspot.com /2008/02/environment-friendly-corex-process-of.html [ 8 ] Siemens. ( n.d. ) . Siemens AG – Pictures. Retrieved December 06, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //w1.siemens.com/press/en/presspicture/ ? press=/en/presspicture/2008/corporate_communication/media_summit_2008/soaxx200803-08.htm [ 9 ] Outotec. ( n.d. ) . HIsmelt undertaking in Western Australia. Retrieved December 06, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.outotec.com/pages/Page____7775.aspx? epslanguage=EN [ 10 ] Changqing, H. , Xiaowei, H. , Zhihong, L. , & A ; Chunxia, Z. ( 2009 ) . Comparison of CO2 Emission Between COREX and Blast Furnace Iron-Making System. Journal of Environmental Sciences, Supplement, 116-120.

buy custom Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System essay

buy custom Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System essay The Belize Barrier Reef is the second largest reef in the world after the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. Its clear warm waters from its rivers and stream sources form a very good marine environment for the coral reefs. This series of coral reef stretch around 190miles and it consists of seven marine reserves, three atolls and 450 cayes. In total, it is 96,300 hectors. It is the top tourist destination in Belize. It is most popular for diving, snorkeling and its good fishing area. The ecological and biological processes supported here are of utmost importance and has led it to be named a world heritage site. The Belize Barrier Reef platform lies on the Atlantic-Caribbean coast and extends 260 km from the border with Mexico on the northern side, and near the Guatemalan border to the south. Life Forms in the Barrier Reef Reserve System The flora and fauna life in this barrier reef is remarkable; there are a total of 178 terrestrial plants and 247 taxa of marine flora. Vegetation types include178 species of vascular plants, 32 non-native species, White mangrove, Occasional black mangrove and lagoons. Animal Life is prevalent here too. There are over 500 species of fish, 65 scleritian corals, 45 hydroids and 350 molluses. Only 10% of the reef has been researched (Harrabin, Roger, 2006). Belize world heritage site is made up of the following proposed protected areas: 1)Glovers Reef Marine Reserve It has amazingly beautiful coral around eight hundred in number. It also supports wide variety of fauna including the endangered type of fish called Nassau Grouper (Handwerk Lauri, 2003). It is home for several types of rays, sharks and sea turtles. In Glovers Reef Marine Reserve, you will find the best biologically developed atoll in the Caribbean, the Glover's Reef Atoll. It is 394km2 and has the greatest diversity of reef types on earth. 2)Hol Chan Marine Reserve: It is considered as the best dive spot in Belize.It covers approximately 18 km and consists of interlinked system of coral reefs and mangroves. It is a natural break in the reef and a very productive fishing area. Here sport fishing is allowed. It is considered the best place to be for any scuba diver. 3)Half Moon Caye Natural monument: Situated 100 km east of Belize City, on the south-east edge of the Lighthouse Reef, it is located in 15 square miles of an area surrounded by waters and 10, 000 acres of the atoll. It holds the entire caye, large portion of the fringing reef and lagoon. The national park is the home to the rare red-footed booby birds, which are found only in Belize and the Galapagos Islands (McField, Bood, 2007). 4)Great Blue Hole: Located at the center of the Lighthouse Reef; it is a huge circular hole about one quarter of milecrossunderwater sinkhole.The water is 480 feet deep inside the hole. The depth of the water is what brings about the blue color. It was said to be a limestone cave during the earlier glacial period. When sea levels rose, the caves got flooded and the roof colapsed resulting in the hole. Today, this wonder hole is The Ultimate Dive Location for scuba divers. The waters house various species of fish, Nurse Sharks, Giant groupers and Black tip shark. Great Blue Hole is one of the most famous astounding dive sites in the world. Ecology of the area The ecosystem of the Belize coral reef is amazing. Blues of these organisms are sea urchins, sponges and grazing fish. Forces like that of waves also help in fragmenting the settle. Coralline algae are also important contributors to reef structure to those parts of the reef subjected to great forces by waves (such as the reef front facing the ocean). These algae deposit limestone in sheets on the reef surface, thereby strengthening it Biological Interrelationship The communities of coastal Belize as well as urban centers nearby have access to marine and near-shore resources. The reef is significantly important to the economy of Belize. Belize Barrier reef Reserve was initially important in fishing industry because of its wide range of species that was harvested. Recently, they have specialized with queen conch and lobster (Programme, U.N., 2009). This two make up the biggest percentage of exported seafood. There is also a domestic fishery and commercial fishery for deep slope snappers. The main use of the barrier reef though is tourism. People travel from everywhere around the world to tour the Belize barrier reef. It is famous for diving and snorkeling. Climate issues and flora issues The climate change has increased concerns on the well being of the reef. The main issue is global warming that increases ocean temperatures and when this happens there is coral bleaching. There has been two mass bleaching events. According to biologists and costal management institute in Belize, the first resulted in 10% mortality of coral colonies (1995) and the second caused a 48% reduction in live coral across Belize reef system. Hurricanes also do significant damage to Belizes coral reef. How Human Interference Affects the Area The population around has increased and thus significant human interference. Belize barrier reef reserve, its marine resources and forests are under threat mainly the following human activities; Over-exploitation of reef resources. This is mostly by fishing and tourism. The boat's anchors damage the reefs within eespecially near the Hol Chan area, the reefs are showing signs of stress also caused by over collection (Furley Ratter, 2002). Rapid coastal development leading to hotel and marina constructionand this is causing habitat alterations because of the high deforestation rate. Improper solid waste management like Sewagefrom urban centers, residential andtourist resorts causing pollution. Removal of vegetation including mangroves and seagrass areas resulting in erosion of the shoreline also, native vegetation on cays has been eliminated to create space for coconut plantations; this mostly affects the unique bird fauna found in the reef as it is deprived of nesting area (Flomenhoft, Cayetano Young, 2007). Sand mining and dredging causing choking of corals by siltation. Steps taken to Protect the Belize Barrier Reef. Management is being delegated to local communities and non-governmental organizations, but the government agencies are giving the support and assistance required. There are also Seasons or size limits descriptions of the types of activities permitted, descriptions of programs of research.Priority for clear-cutting by urban development steps to stop the threat of breeding colonies (Government of Belize, 2004). If funds were made available, the following could be done to help in Belize reef conservation. Environment education especially to the local people on how to conserve their environment and empowerment to the local communityto an extent of involving them when making decisions regarding their environment. Management plans for the Barrier reef that has been prepared to be enforced. These plans include Surveillance of certain areas in the barrier reef Training staff in environment conservation. Seasonal tourism recreation activities. This Plan will develop the conservation of the country's coastal resources through, development in monitoring and planning techniques, implementation of applied research, institutional strengthening and enhancement of public awareness. Actions an individual can undertake to ensure preservation of the barrier reef. An individual can play a significant role in Enhancing public awareness on the need to preserve this amazing barrier reef. The local community should be the main target as they can help in enforcement of rules set, example reporting those who fish illegally In conclusion, there are major concerns about the damages to the Belize barrier reef as the resources are deteriorating. Reef ecosystem is of remarkable biological importance and amazing beauty. It also provides a habitat for plenty of marine life species and is an area of great scientific value. All this is in danger of being lost. Only 10% of the reef has been researched.90% of the reef is not well known and if the funds are available, a lot will be done to ensure that the reef is safe and that it retains its biological and aesthetic value. Buy custom Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System essay

Investigation into the Effect of Concentration on Rate of Reaction between Marble Chips and Acid Essays

Investigation into the Effect of Concentration on Rate of Reaction between Marble Chips and Acid Essays Investigation into the Effect of Concentration on Rate of Reaction between Marble Chips and Acid Essay Investigation into the Effect of Concentration on Rate of Reaction between Marble Chips and Acid Essay Before carrying out a set of experiments, I decided to do preliminary work to look at quantities and measurements, in order for my experiments to work smoothly and accurately. To do this, I tested both amounts of marble chips and amounts and concentration ranges of acid. I also experimented with different measuring cylinder sizes. I carried out a few simple experiments varying the above, and came up with the most sensible.We began by what seemed the most practical quantities. Firstly we looked at marble chips. We took 5g as a starting example. To accompany this we looked at what would be a sensible amount of liquid to accompany it and chose 50ml. To find the right measuring cylinder to use, we set up a mock experiment and began with a 25ml measuring cylinder. We timed experiments for both the strongest and weakest concentrations of acid and recorded the following results.50ml acid0ml water = 26.80 seconds10ml acid40ml water = 2 minutes, 53.77 secondsThese were both practical results and so we were happy with the size of the measuring cylinder. Along with this, we also took note at how our quantities of acid and marble chips worked together and saw that they were both satisfactory. All other equipment and the set up of the apparatus were also fine and so we decided to move on to the proper experiments.Planning My WorkFor this experiment I will need to investigate how the rate of reaction of marble chips is effected by acid as well as considering other factors that my have an effect.Aim: To find a relationship between the concentration of acid and the rate of which a reaction takes place with marble chips.To begin the experiment, I need to look at the chemistry of marble chips (calcium carbonate) and acid and so I will begin with their equations.Word equation:calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid calcium chloride + water + carbon dioxideChemical equation:CaCo3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)When the reaction takes place, carbon dioxide, water and salt will be produced. Out of these three, I have chosen carbon dioxide as the one to measure for my rate of reaction. This is because it will be the easiest and most noticeable to collect. By the measurement of the carbon dioxide, we will be able to accurately follow how fast the reaction occurs. Pg 190 of the Chemistry for you book, shows a sensible, simple and accurate way of measuring a gas like carbon dioxide, in an upturned measuring cylinder filled with water. If we place marble chips and acid in a conical flask, the gas will bubble through a delivery tube lowering the level of water, which we will then be able to time until all water has left the cylinder.The amount of time it takes for the gas to fill the measuring cylinder will show us how much carbon dioxide has been given off and so will show us the rate of reaction. Rate of reaction is altered by three main things. One is SURFACE AREA. This will relate to the surface area of our marble chips. The finer the chips, the larger the surface area, and so the larger the rate of reaction. However, we are intending to keep the surface area the same. Another factor is TEMPERATURE. Again, we are not going to alter the temperature. If we were to, the hotter the temperature, the faster the rate of reaction as the molecules would have more energy. The other is CONCENTRATION. This relates to the concentration of the acid and is what we will use as our variable.The acid particles can only react with the marble chips when they collide, as seen in the diagrams.The acid particles move randomly through the water. As you increase the concentration of the acid, there are more acid particles in the same volume. Therefore there is a greater chance of acid particles colliding, and reacting, with particles on the surface of the marble and you increase the rate of reaction.This is what I will use in my experiment. The concentration of acid is written in Molars. For example, 1M (molar) is half the concentration of 2M. I will alt er the concentration to see what effect it has on the rate of reaction.Predictions:I predict that when investigation the effect of concentration on rate of reaction between marble chips and acid, that an alteration in concentration will effect the rate of reaction in a pattern. As has already been explained, as you increase the concentration of the acid, there are more acid particles in the same volume and so therefore there is a greater chance of acid particles colliding, and reacting, with particles on the surface of the marble. Because of this, I will make the prediction that the higher the concentration of acid, the faster the rate of reaction with the marble chips and the faster my measuring cylinder will fill with carbon dioxide.I also predict a more detailed pattern. I predict that the level of concentration may also have a direct effect on the rate of reaction. E.g. that if a 2M was compared with a 1M acid which is half the concentration, the rate of reaction will also be ha lf. I will now need to carry out my experiment to test these predictions.My ExperimentDiagram:Apparatus:Conical flask to hold the marble chips and acid for the experiment50ml measuring cylinder to measure the volume of acid being used in the experiment. I chose 50ml volume because that is the maximum acid we will need.Delivery tube and bung will transport C02 given offWeighing pot to hold the marble chips for weighing25ml measuring cylinder to collect the C02 given off by the experiment. I chose 25ml because it was the most sensible sizeBalance reading to 0.01g, must be accurate, to weigh the marble chipsWater trough to hold the water for the collection of C02Stop clock reading to 0.01 of a second, to accurately time the collection of C02 and the rate of the reactionMethod:Each time the variable is altered, I shall carry out exactly the same experiment, merely with a different concentration.* I will begin by collecting and setting up all my equipment. I need to make sure tha t the chonical flask is clean and doesnt have any substances already in it. The 25ml measuring cylinder needs to be filled with water. We found that if we filled a 25ml measuring cylinder, due to excess volume above the measurements, it actually held a total of 40ml. We found this by completely filling the cylinder as we would in the experiment, and then pouring this into a larger measuring cylinder and taking the reading. The cylinder then needs to be stood upside down in the trough that also needs to have an ample amount of water in. The delivery tube needs to be under the cylinder but does not yet need to have the bung in the flask.* The marble chips then need to be weighed accurately, remembering to take into account the surface area. These can then be put into the flask.* I will then prepare my acid to the right concentration. The amount of acid needs to be measured accurately in the separate, 50ml measuring cylinder and then water needs to be added, if required, to dilute the acid to the right concentration.* The acid can then be added to the flask and marble chips. The bung needs to be put in the flask immediately, and as soon as this is done I will begin the stop clock.* I will then watch the flask carefully and as soon as the first bubble comes out of the measuring cylinder, will stop the stop clock and take my reading.This will be carried out for each experiment. In-between, it is important to rinse and dry the chonical flask and to refill the 25ml measuring cylinder.After obtaining a complete set of results, I will then go through the process again to repeat my experiments. This will give me added information and will help explain anything out of place if necessary.Concentrations and Readings:I am going to carryout five experiments, and then repeat these to give me a total of 10 results, two for each experiment. The experiments I will carry out will be of five different concentrations of acid. Along with the concentrations in ml of both acid and wat er, I have written along with it the concentrations in molar (M). (Our original strength of acid is 2M) The concentrations will be:Acid (ml)Water (ml)CalculationMolar (M)5002 x 5/5 = M240102 x 4/5 = M1.630202 x 3/5 = M1.220102 x 2/5 = M0.810402 x 1/5 = M0.4We see that in this experiment, 2M will be the strongest acid, 0.4 will be the weakest. The way that the amount of ml is always equal to 50ml means though the concentrations change, the volume of liquid will be kept the same.Fair Test:It is very important to make my experiment fair. If it is not kept exact, then my results may easily be altered by slight differences that shouldnt occur.In order to keep my experiment fair, I will ensure that there is only one variable at any time. My variable will be the concentration of acid to water. Other possible variables such as the amount of liquid, temperature, amount of marble chips or surface area of marble chips should never change and should always stay the same. To do this, we will kee p the volume of liquid the same by measuring accurately in an accurate measuring cylinder. The amount of marble chips will be kept same by weighing them on accurate weighing scales. The surface area of the chips will be harder to keep accurate. We can do this generally by attempting to keep the marble chips of similar sizes as accurately as possible. I have decided to use small marble chips rather than large so that the surface areas are more similar. However, this may not always be completely accurate, and so we will have to take this into account and remember this when looking at results. We will monitor temperature with a thermometer, but will work to room temperature. We will not be able to alter the temperature as we please, and so will take a note of the temperatures for each experiment so that we can explain any changes of patterns in our results.It is also important not to change apparatus or equipment and to keep the experiment exactly the same.If this is kept to then my ex periment will be fair, hopefully giving me the most accurate results as possible.Safe Test:Keeping a safe test is also very important for the safety of me and other people around me. To ensure that my experiment is safe, I will carry out the following precautions.* Goggles should be warn to protect my eyes from acid or in case another accident occurred* I should act in a sensible and safe manner, carefully working with the equipment and being aware of any dangers.* The low concentration of acid I will use is a safety precaution to ensure that the acid is not dangerous.Obtaining My EvidenceTo obtain my evidence, I began by setting up my equipment and following the plan previously written. I measured hydrochloric acid (HCl) with water to produce the 50ml volume of the desired concentration, and added to this, 5g of small marble chips. I timed, in seconds, how long this took to produce a 45ml3 of gas by bubbling it through a delivery tube into an upturned mea-suring cylinder of water. The volume of which was 45ml. (All this is explained in more detailed in my plan). I included certain apparatus for accuracy. The reaction was timed accurately by using a stop clock measuring to 100th of a second. The scales measured the marble accurately by measuring exact to 0.01g. This accuracy of this was also improved by using small marble chips with more similar surface areas. The measuring cylinders used all measured to 0.1ml.From carrying out this process, I produced a set of results for 5 concentrations of acid, 2M, 1.6M, 1.2M, 0.8M and 0.4M. I then repeated these results for even more accuracy so that I will be able to produce an average.Results:The results for both the first set of experiments and the repeated, second set of experiments have been combined into one table. The column of Concentration, is measured in Molars (M). This is the volume of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and water (both measured in cm3) shown together. Time 1 and Time 2 are the times (in seconds) for expe riment 1, and the repeats, experiment 2.Other information that I also took, was a note of the room temperature at the time of taking the results. The results of experiment 1 and experiment two were taken on different days and so this was important information. I already know that temperature is an altering factor in rate of reaction and so if the temperature if not the same then it is important to know so that a change in results can be explained.Experiment 1 temperature 200CExperiment 2 temperature 190CThe first lots of experiments were taken at a temperature 10C higher than the second lot of experiments. This needs to be known to explain any patterns that may be related.Table of My Results:HCl (cm3)Water (cm3)Concentration (Molar)Time 1 (seconds)Time 2 (seconds)500213.0113.0740101.617.2713.3030201.227.3022.5120300.844.3732.4910400.4215.12186.22Analysing My Evidence and Drawing ConclusionsFrom my table of results, I can calculate additional information. I can work out an average ti me by adding the two existing times and dividing them by two. I can then find a rate of each reaction by dividing 1 by the average time. This will give me another pattern to follow by showing me how fast the reaction went at the different concentrations. The formulas for these are:Average = time + time / 2Reaction = 1 / timeI am going to add the answers of these as additional columns onto my table.HCl (cm3)Water (cm3)Concentration (Molar)Time 1 (seconds)Time 2 (seconds)Average Time (seconds)Rate500213.0113.0713.040.76740101.617.2713.3015.290.06530201.227.3022.5125.310.0420300.844.3732.4938.430.02610400.4215.12186.22200.670.005From the table, without the average time, we can see a common difference between the time in experiment one and the time in experiment two. All results for experiment 1 are slightly quicker than the times for experiment two (with exception of the 2M experiment). We can relate this back to the temperature difference. Temperature affects the rate of reaction. Whe n particles are heated up, they have more energy. They move around more quickly. As they travel faster, there are more collisions in a certain time. As well as this, with more energy, more collisions are likely to result in a reaction. Therefore, as temperatures are raised, reactions get faster and more likely, increasing the rate of reaction.I noted when obtaining my results how the room temperature at the time experiment 1 was being carried out was 200C, where as experiment 2 was at 190C. This means that experiment 1, having the higher temperature, would have shown a faster rate of reaction, which is exactly what is shown in the table.This is apart from the reading for the highest concentration, the 2M experiment. Here we see that the time in experiment 2 is faster than that in experiemnt1. However, this is by 0.06 of a second. Here human reaction time may be a factor. Although the stop clocks are very accurate, they will never be exact, as it is very hard to stop the clock exactl y at the time you want it to. This error may have led to this small difference. By noticing this here, we can also take it into account for the other experiments, remembering that they are not exact but only by a very small error.The average helps to even out the differing results which means that one, middle number is produced to work with. Because, also, I have no obvious anomalous results, readings that dont fit the pattern of the higher the concentration, the faster the reaction and so the shorter the time, the averages will follow the same trend.To look more closely at my data, I am going to enter my average times onto a line graph. I think this is the best type of graph to use as it fits my results of continuous date and will show any trends clearly. This is on the next page (graph 1). The concentration in molars is along the x-axis, the time of the reaction in seconds is along the y-axis. I have plotted my recorded points and drawn a curved line of best fit.From this data I c an now say that the concentration does effect the rate of reaction. The line of best fit shows very clearly, a definite trend that as you increase the concentration, you decrease the time taken, showing an increase in speed. Rate and time are inversely related. As one increases the other decreases, as seen on the graph, meaning that as time increases, rate of reaction decreases.What we see on the graph is a sharp decrease from about 200 seconds to about 50 seconds over a concentration range of only 0.3M showing fast reactions. Over another 11M there is a much more gradual decrease as it slows down, only covering approximately a range of 49 seconds. The remaining range of 2M covers 1 second and appears to be reaching a level line.The second graph (graph 2 over the page), again a line graph, is using the rate I worked out in the table, against the concentration. This gives us I more direct trend towards the effect of concentration on rate of reaction. It shows very definitely and clea rly that the higher the concentration, the higher the rate. As rate and time are inverse, I would expect an almost mirror of the concentration against time graph. This is what has happened. Instead of a sharp decrease followed by a gradual decrease as seen in the concentration against time graph, the concentration against rate graph shows a gradual increase followed by a sharp increase. My line of best fit covers 1.4M at a 0.05 rate very gradually, then a slight increase, and then over 1M, the rate increases by 0.567.My prediction before carrying out this experiment was that the higher the concentration of acid, the faster the rate of reaction. Both these graphs prove this to be correct. This is due to the activity of the molecules in the experiment. The rate of reaction is the amount of a substance that takes part in a chemical reaction in a given time. In order to react, the particles must collide with each other. If the rate of reaction is increasing, it is the amount of particle s colliding and therefore reacting that is increasing. As we increase the concentration of acid, the substance taking part in the chemical reaction (along with marble chips), the rate of reaction increases. This is because an increase in concentration increases the amount of collisions taking place. With more particles in the same volume, there is a greater and more common likely hood of collisions taking place. This is why concentration effects rate of reaction.The second part of my prediction was more detailed. I predicted that the level of concentration may also have a direct effect on the rate of reaction, meaning that if the reaction of a 2M acid was compared with that of a 1M acid, which is half the concentration, the rate of reaction will also be half.I looked at my graph of concentration against rate to investigate this. I used the examples of 1M and 2M and took the following readings of my graph and line of best fit.1M = rate of 0.032M = rate of 0.72This shows my prediction to be very incorrect. If it would be true, then my graph would show a straight line of equal increase. However, my line of best fit gradually increases, going against my prediction.From my results I can conclude that the rate of reaction between marble chips and acid is increased by an increase in concentration.EvaluationLooking back on the experiment, I think that I have carried out successful, dependable procedure that has given me precise and reliable evidence and results. First I will look at the practical work that I did. When doing the practical work, I followed my plan accurately. I kept it a safe and fair test and this is important. I experiment I planned was easy to carry out. Problems arose in temperature. The only variable was meant to be concentration, but due to uncontrollable circumstances, room temperature did alter. Luckily this occurred between sets of experiments which gave me additional information to look into. However, if that had happen part way through a set of results my results may have been slightly more irregular. To overcome this problem, results could have been taken all in one go. However, this was not practical in the spaces of time we were able to have. The other variable of surface area appeared to de successful. We already took precautions over this by using small marble chips instead of large, and so no problems arose.The accuracy of my results is as accurate as I think I would need. From my results I have produced graphs that show very definite and visible trends and patterns and no anomalous results and so the readings must have been correct. It may be possible to improve accuracy. I learnt from the strongest concentration, the 2M acid and the fastest reaction, that for short spaces of time the accuracy is not as exact. This could be solved by an alteration in equipment. If I were to do the experiment again, I would use a larger upturned measuring cylinder. The one I used held 45ml3 of solution. I found this took roughly 1 3 seconds to fill with gas, making it slightly inaccurate because it was a small space of time. However, if we increase the volume of the cylinder, it would take a longer time period. This may have improved accuracy. Other equipment all proved fine. I had no troubles with any other pieces of apparatus and would not alter them.To look into this investigation further of how concentration alters rate of reaction, I would like to look into concentration of solids in a reaction and concentrations of gases, similar to how we look at concentration of liquid and acid. It will be interesting to see if gases for instance have the same reaction patterns as liquids. I can see that my results mean that an increase of concentration of acid increases the rate. Would an increase of concentration of gas make any difference in the rate of reaction? This would help to add to an overall conclusion to the investigation.